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| 1758 |
| | | A comet returns exactly at the time predicted by English astronomer Edmond Halley, and is subsequently known by his name | |
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| 1769 |
| | | Captain Cook observes in Tahiti the transit of Venus, the primary purpose of his voyage to the Pacific | |
|  | Hodges Tahiti Revisited (detail)
National Maritime Museum
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| 1781 |
| | | William Herschel discovers Uranus, the first planet to be found by means of a telescope, and names it the Georgian star | |
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| 1796 |
| | | French astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes his nebular hypothesis, arguing that the planets formed from a mass of incandescent gas | |
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| 1894 |
| | | Wealthy US astronomer Percival Lowell builds an observatory at Mars Hill in Flagstaff, Arizona | |
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| 1904 |
| | | An observatory with a 100-inch reflecting telescope is set up by George Ellery Hale on Mount Wilson in California | |
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| 1905 |
| | | Percival Lowell predicts the existence of an unknown planet, almost exactly where Pluto is discovered 25 years later | |
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| 1915 |
| | | The nearest star to earth, the red dwarf Proxima Centauri 4.22 light years away, is discovered by Robert Innes, Scottish director of the Johannesburg Observatory | |
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| 1924 |
| | | US astronomer Edwin Hubble proves that the nebula Andromeda is vastly further away than other stars and can only be a separate galaxy | |
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| 1926 |
| | | To explain the irregular movement of stars, Swedish astronomer Bertil Lindblad proposes the theory that our galaxy rotates | |
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